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Issue no. 372 - 25 February 2007
- DE - "Safer Internet Day": Gegen Gewalt, Sex & Radikale
(n-tv.de)
Mit einer neuen Initiative will Kulturstaatsminister Bernd Neumann "kindgerechte Internetinhalte" gezielt fördern und damit vor allem Rechtsradikalen, Gewaltbereiten und Pädophilen den Weg ins Kinderzimmer versperren. Das kündigte der CDU-Politiker aus Anlass des "Safer Internet Day" an. Neumann forderte "moderierte und kindgerechte Chats" oder auch ein "umfassendes Nachrichtenangebot für Kinder". Außerdem setzt er sich für eine so genannte Positivliste ein, in der kindergeeignete Internetinhalte aufgelistet werden. Eine solche Liste sei die Voraussetzung für die Schaffung eines sicheren Surfraumes für Kinder.
- EU - 116000, the single EU hotline number for missing children
(RAPID)
The Commission has adopted the Decision reserving the 116000 telephone number in all Member States as a hotline for reporting missing children. Other common Europe-wide telephone services of social value starting with 116 may soon be reserved following this Decision.
- EU - Protection of Minors
(Eur-Lex)
Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the protection of minors and human dignity and on the right of reply in relation to the competitiveness of the European audiovisual and on-line information services industry (2006/952/EC) OJ L 378 27.12.2006 p. 72
Issue no. 371 - 28 January 2007
- EU - European Commission takes new initiatives in favour of missing and sexually exploited children
(RAPID)
Vice-President Franco Frattini, Commissioner responsible for Justice, Liberty and Security, and Viviane Reding, Commissioner responsible for Information Society and Media, are in Paris today attending an international meeting on the issue of missing, abducted and sexually exploited children. Also present are the members of the Honorary Board of the International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children (ICMEC), including Her Majesty the Queen of the Belgians, Her Majesty the Queen of Sweden, Mrs Laura Bush, Mrs Lyudmila Putin and Mrs Margarida Sousa Uva-Barroso. See also Laura Bush urges police cooperation on child pornography (- International Herald Tribune). EU - Stratégie européenne des droits de l'enfant. Discours de Franco Frattini, Commissaire européen responsable de la Justice, Liberté et Sécurité. Palais de l'Elysée, Paris, 17 janvier 2007.
- EU - Now on track: the single EU hotline number for missing children
(RAPID)
A committee of Member State representatives has endorsed the Commission's initiative to reserve throughout the EU common freephone numbers for services of social value. This means in particular that the 116000 number will be made available for hotlines for missing children. Member States are asked to make this major initiative for children's rights a reality as soon as possible. Hotline telephone numbers for parents to report missing children already exist in several EU countries, but they currently use different telephone numbers in different countries. Having a common hotline number, 116000, will greatly help parents if they lose their child while travelling or on holiday in another European country. The Commission's draft Decision to reserve numbers beginning with 116 for harmonised services of social value in Europe has been endorsed by the Communications Committee, an expert group of Member States' representatives. Approval by this committee paves the way for the Commission to adopt this Decision, which will be binding on Member States, in early 2007. A public call will be launched early next year to identify other services that may benefit from 116 numbers.
- EU - Protection of minors
(Europarl)
European Parliament legislative resolution on the Council common position for adopting a recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of minors and human dignity and on the right of reply in relation to the competitiveness of the European audiovisual and online information services industry. Adopted on Tuesday 12 December 2006 in Strasbourg. See also Council Common position.
- MySpace developing parental-notification software
(CNET News.com)
Under fire from both the U.S. government and parental organizations, MySpace.com is creating software to give parents a window into what their children are putting on their online profiles. Once the monitoring software is finished and distributed, parents can install it on a home computer to see what any MySpace user who logs on from that computer lists as his or her profile name, age and location. It will also track updates made to those profiles.
- UK - Reid targets online paedophiles
(BBc)
A 'kite mark' standard is being planned by the home secretary to help protect children from internet paedophiles. John Reid told GMTV he planned a system of approved software so parents could feel assured their child was safe from paedophiles while online. He said the idea was to have a system which alerts parents if trigger phrases were used while their child was online.
Issue no. 368 - 15 October 2006
- ES - Teléfono móvil para educar a niños a partir de seis años
(PC World Digital)
Imaginarium ha llegado a un acuerdo con Movistar para el lanzamiento en España de Mo1. Se trata de un teléfono móvil adaptado a niños a partir de seis años y pensado para ayudar a los padres a educar a sus hijos en el correcto uso de este sistema de comunicación, cada vez más presente en la vida familiar de la sociedad actual.
- UK - Child plea made to games industry
(BBC)
A government minister has made a plea to the games industry to get involved in the debate surrounding children and playing videogames. Experts recently warned that young people were spending too many hours in front of consoles and missing out on healthy childhoods. Creative industries minister Shaun Woodward said the industry had to deal with its image problem. He added that videogames also had a vital role to play in the UK economy.
Issue no. 367 - 23 September 2006
- Social sites multiplying like...
(Net Family News)
Press releases about new social-networking sites are multiplying exponentially. A thoughtful commentary by 'technology activist' Paul Lamb in CNET - 'Social networking for all' - looks beyond the current SN scene populated by 'the young and the digitally restless' to a time when 'social-networking tools are put to use in 'average' communities and for the larger social good.'
- UK - Code of conduct proposed for social networking sites
(out-law)
Operators of social networking sites should create a joint code of practice regulating their treatment of children. That is just one of the possible courses of action suggested by researchers behind a report into children's use of the sites. Respected consumer bible Which? has conducted research into the dangers posed to children by social networking sites such as MySpace and Bebo and has found behaviour which it says could shock parents. Users of the sites are exposed to bullying, pornography and junk food advertising, said the report, and parents are largely unaware of the problems.
- UK - 'Name and shame' plan for websites
(Guardian)
Websites that fail to protect children from sexual predators could face legal action from a new online child protection agency. The huge popularity of social networking sites such as MySpace, where millions of youngsters have posted personal information, has increased concern at the potential for paedophiles to 'groom' youngsters for abuse through the internet.
- UK - Warnings over social site 'abuse'
(BBC)
Social networking sites such as Bebo and MySpace must do more to police what users do, warns Computing Which? A study of the sites by the consumer watchdog unearthed pornographic images, evidence of bullying and inappropriate adverts. It also proved easy to pose as a child as the sites did no age or ID checks.
- Wi-Fi gives kids access to unchaperoned Net
(CNET News.com)
An increasingly wide range of mobile devices are giving the kids who use them entry points to wireless broadband outside of the home and parental control. Portable game players like Sony's PSP (PlayStation portable system) and Nintendo DS are just a couple of the popular mobile gaming devices that also let kids log onto the Net or connect to a peer-to-peer chat network. And Microsoft's upcoming Zune portable media player will likely let kids join social networks on the fly via built-in Wi-Fi. Couple those gadgets with free wireless broadband in parks, cafes and even entire cities and all bets are off when it comes to parents maintaining control of their kids online, consumer advocates worry.
Issue no. 366 - 3 September 2006
Issue no. 364 - 7 July 2006
- Congress targets social-networking sites
(CNET News.com)
by Declan McCullagh. The concept of forcing companies to record information about their users' Internet activities to aid in future criminal prosecutions took another twist this week. Rep. Diana DeGette, a Colorado Democrat, originally proposed legislation in April that would require Internet service providers to retain activity logs to aid in criminal investigations, including ones involving child abuse. Now DeGette and some of her colleagues in the House of Representatives are suggesting that social-networking sites should be required to do the same thing.
- EU - Communication on the Rights of the Child
(RAPID)
The European Commission has adopted its Communication "Towards an EU strategy on the Rights of the Child". This is the first time the Commission has taken such a transversal and cross-cutting approach to children’s rights. It concerns both internal and external policies of the Union and covers more than ten of these policies such as civil and criminal justice, employment, development cooperation, trade negotiation, education and health. See also Press briefing.
Issue no. 363 - 25 June 2006
- MySpace tightens age restrictions
(BBC)
Social networking website MySpace.com plans to introduce restrictions on how adults contact teenagers on the site. The changes aim to make it more difficult for users more than 18 years old to befriend 14 and 15 year olds that they did not previously know.
Issue no. 362 - 11 June 2006
- CoE - Children and young people: well-being and risk on-line
(CoE)
The Council of Europe the Council of Europe has commissioned an independent study to "elaborate the meaning of 'harmful content" in order to promote coherence in the protection of minors in all media in the Information Society. The abridged version of the study has been prepared to promote the accessibility and discussion of its findings in Council of Europe member states. The full version of the study will be released in the coming months.
- UK - Teen site moves to block photos
(BBC)
A website aimed at young people says it is moving to block explicit photographs from being downloaded onto its site. Sarah Gavin from Bebo UK was responding to an investigation by BBC NI over privacy and child safety issues. Bebo has become one of the most popular social networking websites with schoolchildren in Northern Ireland.
Issue no. 361 - 23 May 2006
- EU - Protection of minors and human dignity
(Press Release)
Education, Youth And Culture Council meeting - Brussels, 18-19 May 2006. The Council reached political agreement on a draft recommendation on the protection of minors and human dignity and on the right of reply in the European audiovisual and online information services industry. It builds upon the Council Recommendation 98/560/EC of 24 September 19981, which remains valid. It responds to the new challenges both in quantitative (more "illegal" content) and qualitative terms (new platforms, new products) that technological developments bring in this field. The draft recommendation addresses the following questions: media literacy; rating or classification of audiovisual content; portrayal of the sexes in the media and advertising; right of reply.
Issue no. 359 - 9 May 2006
- EU - Kinder im Netz: unterversorgt oder überbehütet?
(Heise)
Ein Masterplan für kindgerechte Online-Inhalte, ein Bekenntnis zur Notwendigkeit staatlicher Aufsicht im Jugendmedienschutz und die Warnung vor einem möglichen Verbot von Sperrverfügungen in den EU-Mitgliedsländern das waren Themen bei der 3. Zukunftswerkstatt der Kommission für Jugendmedienschutz der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland und der Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung gestern in Berlin.
Issue no. 358 - 21 April 2006
- EU - European Union and the Rights of the Child competition
(RAPID)
The European Union and the Rights of the Child. This is the title of a competition launched by Franco Frattini, Vice-President of the European Commission responsible for Justice, Freedom and Security, inviting European children and teenagers from 10 to 18 years of age to create a poster on children's rights within the Union. The competition aims at increasing awareness among European younger citizens about EU actions in this field.
- US - MySpace growth continues amid criticism
(CNET News.com)
Popular community site MySpace is signing up new members at record speed. But along with that growth, the site continues to be the target of controversy regarding the safety of its users, a core group of whom are minors.
Issue no. 357 - 26 March 2006
- DE - Kriminologe Pfeiffer fordert rigides Vorgehen gegen "Killerspiele"
(Heise)
In einem Streitgespräch auf der CeBIT hat der Kriminologe und Jugendforscher Christian Pfeiffer ein rigides Vorgehen gegen Computerspiele im Kinderzimmer gefordert. Der frühere Justizminister Niedersachsens empfiehlt, den Medienkonsum von Jugendlichen mit Hilfe von Verordnungen und dem Schulgesetz einzudämmen. Generelle Verbote von so genannten Killerspielen, wie in der Koalitionsvereinbarung der Bundesregierung angeführt, brächten dagegen gar nichts: "Das ist Quatsch." Statt dessen sollte über Änderungen der Schulgesetze "jungen Leuten die Gelegenheit zum Spielen" genommen werden, sagte er.
Issue no. 356 - 27 February 2006
Issue no. 355 - 5 February 2006
- Harm and Offence in Media Content
(Intellect)
A review of the evidence, by Andrea Millwood Hargrave, Sonia Livingstone. In today's media and communications environment, pressing questions arise regarding the media's potential for harm, especially in relation to children. This book offers a unique and comprehensive analysis of the latest research on content-related media harm and offence. For the first time, a balanced, critical account brings together findings on both established and newer interactive media. Arguing against asking simple questions about media effects, the case is made for contextualising media content and use within a multi-factor, risk-based framework in order to guide future research and policy formation.
- UK - Children 'can access mobile porn'
(BBC)
Children can access internet porn via mobile phones due to a loophole in phone safeguards, Which? magazine says. Youngsters are able to obtain codes for adult websites by paying for them using premium rate text messages, it claims. Which? editor Malcolm Coles said: 'There's nothing to stop children getting hold of hardcore pornography through their mobile phone.'
Issue no. 353 - 15 January 2006
- DE: Kinder- und Jugendschutz - Online-Handbuch
(BAJ)
Das Online-Handbuch erläutert wichtige Begriffe des Kinder- und Jugendschutzes und ist im Zusammenhang mit der Erarbeitung des von der Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft Kinder- und Jugendschutz herausgegebenen und von Bruno W. Nikles, Sigmar Roll, Dieter Spürck und Klaus Umbach bei Luchterhand verfassten Kommentars zum Jugendschutzrecht entstanden. Das Handbuch folgt der Idee, von den Begriffen ausgehend, weitere Hinweise auf Informationen zum Kinder- und Jugendschutz, auf einschlägige Institutionen und Organisationen, Materialien und Literatur zugänglich zu machen.
- Kids & Webcams: Terrible trend
(Net Family News)
The story resulting from the New York Times's six-month-long investigation starts with Justin Berry, who got his start at age 13 buying a Webcam to meet other teenage friends online. Within weeks he was getting paid $50 'to sit bare-chested in front of his computer for three minutes' for a man who helped him instantly set up a PayPal account. Over five years, Justin developed an audience of 1,500 that paid him 'hundreds of thousands of dollars.' Worse: Justin's activities were only part of the 'Webcam Matrix,' a term dubbed by another teenager cited by the Times, who, also for money, operates his own site of self-published child porn. The Times article is the first I've seen in 8+ years of following reportage on kids and tech pointing to a trend or a generalized pattern of actions and genre of Web sites. The pattern of behavior and sites/blogs, on the teenagers' part, are about money, naivete, the need to connect, or combinations of the above. The pattern of actions on the adults' part are well known to law enforcement. What was much less known is how wide-spread self-published child porn has become. "Easy money" for teens is aided by Internet companies large and small "wittingly and unwittingly" (the latter including PayPal and Amazon, but non-financial services and technologies are involved too, of course).
Issue no. 352 - 18 December 2005
- AU - Parents and Teens Poles Apart Regarding Online Safety
(NetAlert)
New research from ninemsn and NetAlert reveals a huge disconnect between parents and their teenage children over online behaviour. The research highlighted three big issues facing parents and their teenage children regarding Internet use: 1) Online social networking - with teens communicating online, what's the potential to turn online communication into real-life meetings? 2) Illegal content downloads - in a growing trend, teens are routinely downloading content without parental knowledge or approval. 3) Parental supervision of online behaviour - or the lack of it.
- iPod porn
(Stephen Balkam)
In preparation for the Roundtable that my organization, ICRA, is hosting in London, I went down to Circuit City and bought the new video-enabled iPod. With my ICRA hat firmly on, I went off in search of iPod porn. This was not at all difficult as Google dutifully rewarded me with a plethora of choices within 1.4 seconds. In the past 30 years, hard core porn has moved from the smutty downtown book store, to the VCR, to the desktop and now to compelling mobile devices such as the iPod, cell phones and PDAs. The pornification of society is upon us and our efforts to protect our kids from this is far from perfect. It is going to take an almighty effort from governments, industry and parental groups to ensure that very young kids are shielded from this. All sectors of society will need to play a part in keeping our kids safe unless we want to hide behind crude government censorship which only tends to make the content more desirable.
Issue no. 350 - 4 December 2005
- AU - ACMA proposes safety measures for mobile chat rooms
(ACMA)
The Australian Communications and Media Authority has released a draft guide to measures that may be implemented by providers of chat room services to enhance the safety of children in chat rooms accessed via mobile phones. The guide is known as the safety measures notice.
Issue no. 349 - 27 November 2005
- US - CDT Urges Focus on User Empowerment to Protect Kids Online
(CDT)
Leslie Harris, Centre for Democracy and Technology's Senior Consultant and incoming Executive Director, testified before a congressional panel about the need to focus on user empowerment in the ongoing effort to protect kids from viewing inappropriate material online. At a Senate subcommittee hearing titled 'Protecting Children and Families in the Age of Convergence,' Harris pointed to the findings of two panels charged by Congress with addressing the issue. Both found that filtering technologies and other user empowerment tools provide the most effective means to limit the types of content that children are exposed to online.
Issue no. 348 - 13 November 2005
- DE - Jugendschützer fordert von Internetanbietern mehr Engagement
(Heise)
Internetanbieter müssen beim Jugendschutz im Internet noch mehr Flagge zeigen, forderte der Vorsitzende der Kommission für Jugendmedienschutz (KJM) Wolf-Dieter Ring bei der Jugendschutzdiskussionsrunde auf den Münchner Medientagen. Der Leiter der länderübergreifenden Stelle Jugendmedienschutz.net, Friedemann Schindler, forderte außerdem eine verstärkte Diskussion über Sperrverfügungen gegen Access-Provider. Auch in Norwegen, England und Dänemark werde intensiv über Sperrungen nachgedacht.
- ES - Los escolares sometidos a acoso podrán denunciar por la Red
(El País)
Diez psicólogos están atentos desde ayer a las denuncias que los escolares sometidos a acoso hagan a través del correo electrónico conectándose a la web www.acosoescolar.info. Es una iniciativa de Protégeles (asociación que vela por la seguridad de los pequeños en la Red) y del Defensor del Menor de la Comunidad de Madrid y pretende enrolar a todas las comunidades (ya participan Madrid y La Rioja).
- EU will auf "deutsches Modell" beim Internet-Jugendschutz setzen
(Heise)
Deutschland soll während seiner EU-Präsidentschaft etwas für das Modell der Koregulierung im Jugendmedienschutz tun. Dies zumindest ist der Wunsch der EU-Kommission, berichtet Hans Ernst Hanten, Ministerialdirigent beim Büro der Beauftragten für Medien und Kultur in Berlin. Hanten erläuterte auf den Münchner Medientagen, dass die EU-Kommission ihre deutschen Vertreter eingeladen habe, ein Präsidentschaftsseminar zu dieser Thematik zu veranstalten. Wird die Koregulierung, also das Modell eines Mixes von staatlicher Aufsicht und Selbstregulierung durch die Anbieter, ein Exportschlager "Made in Germany"? Exportiert werden soll erst einmal der aktuelle Werbespot der Initiative Klicksafe, der vor Rechtsextremismus, Pornographie, Gewaltdarstellung und Pädophilie im Internet warnt. Der Spot mit Schocker-Effekt hat laut Vertretern von Klicksafe gute Chancen, europaweit gesendet zu werden. Verschiedene Partnerprojekte von Klicksafe innerhalb des EU-Programms "Safer Internet" sollen schon angeklopft haben.
Issue no. 347 - 19 October 2005
- UK - New online tools in the fight against child abuse
(eGov monitor)
An interactive website to tackle child abuse has been launched by children's charity NSPCC. TalkTown is part of the charity's national 'Talk 'til it stops' campaign. The site uses artificial intelligence to advise anyone worried that a child is being abused. Users are able to ask the town's virtual residents for help via Lingubot, technology based on a sophisticated word and phrase pattern recognition system that matches preprogrammed responses in the Lingubot's knowledge base with questions typed in by users.
- US - California bars selling violent games to minors
(Reuters)
California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger has ignored strong lobbying from software makers and signed legislation that bans the sale of violent video games to children.
- US - Yahoo to shut chats promoting adult-child sex
(MSNBC)
Yahoo will bar chat rooms that promote sex between minors and adults and restrict all chat rooms to users 18 and older. The Internet portal also will prescreen the names of all user-created chat rooms if and when it restores the ability to create them. The changes come under an agreement with New York Attorney-General Eliot Spitzer and Nebraska Attorney-General Jon Bruning.
Issue no. 345 - 25 September 2005
- NO - Telenor and Save the Children in new partnership
(Norway Post)
Telenor and Save the Children have entered into a three-year partnership agreement. The purpose of the agreement is to prevent abuse of children over the Internet, and to make the Internet and mobile phones safe for children and young users. This partnership involves a joint effort from Telenor and Save the Children in the struggle against the distribution of images and films depicting sexual exploitation of children. As part of the agreement, Telenor will give an annual amount of NOK 1 million to Save the Children, as a contribution to its efforts to prevent sexual exploitation of children.
Issue no. 344 - 18 September 2005
- EU - L'UE demande à ses membres de nettoyer la Toile
(Libération)
Le Parlement européen adopte un rapport rédigé par la députée européenne Marielle de Sarnez (UDF) qui recommande à l'Union et aux Etats membres d'adopter un arsenal législatif ad hoc afin de faire le ménage sur la Toile. «L'autorégulation a totalement échoué, affirme Marielle de Sarnez. Plus d'un enfant sur trois est involontairement confronté à des images violentes, pornographiques ou pédophiles sur Internet : le pouvoir politique doit donc agir.»
Issue no. 343 - 4 September 2005
- FR - Conférence de la famille 2005 - Remise des rapports préparatoires
(Ministè de la Famille)
Les groupes de travail préparatoires à la Conférence de la famille, "Enjeux démographiques et accompagnement du désir d'enfant des familles" présidé par Hubert BRIN, président de l'UNAF et Protection de l'enfant et usages de l'Internet, présidé par Joël THORAVAL, président de la Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'Homme, ont remis mardi 17 mai leur rapport à Philippe DOUSTE-BLAZY, ministre des Solidarités, de la Santé et de la Famille.
- US - Video games linked to aggression in boys
(Reuters)
Most studies done on violence and video games support the conclusion that violent video games can increase aggressive behavior in children and adolescents, especially boys, researchers said. An analysis of 20 years of research shows the effects can be both immediate and long-lasting. The findings, presented at an annual meeting of American Psychological Association, prompted the group to adopt a resolution recommending that all violence be reduced in video games and interactive media marketed to children and youth.
Issue no. 341 - 9 July 2005
- DE - 1000 Jugendschutzverstösse im Internet - 70 Prozent abgestellt
(verivox)
Die in Mainz ansässige Zentralstelle der Länder für Jugendschutz im Internet hat im vergangenen Jahr mehr als 1000 Verstösse aus dem Internet gefischt. In mehr als zwei Drittel der Fälle (70 Prozent) habe der Einspruch von "jugendschutz.net" dazu geführt, dass die kritisierten Beiträge aus dem Netz genommen wurden, teilte das Jugendministerium am Freitag in Mainz mit. In allein 131 Fällen gelang die Entfernung von rechtsextremer Hasspropaganda.
Issue no. 340 - 23 June 2005
- UK - Text ad banned over stranger danger
(Guardian)
An advert for a text dating service has been banned because of fears it could encourage teenagers to meet strangers. The poster advert for Textandmeet showed a cartoon-style illustration of a bikini-clad woman texting while three men watched her from a swimming pool. The advert encouraged people to 'Get Texting to Get Dating'. 'The advertisement implied that it was acceptable for young people to make dates with strangers,' the Advertising Standards Authority said.
- US - Complaints force Yahoo to shut down chat rooms
(Associated Press)
Reacting to angry protests from several of its top sponsors, Yahoo Ihas pulled the plug on perhaps hundreds of chat rooms operating on its site after a media report revealed that some of the rooms were used to promote sex with minors. Companies such as PepsiCo Inc., State Farm Insurance and Georgia-Pacific Corp. stopped advertising on Yahoo after they were informed that adults were attempting to lure children into sexual encounters within some of Yahoo's user-created chat rooms, according to a report by KPRC-TV in Houston.
Issue no. 338 - 7 May 2005
- DE - Jugendmedienschutz im Internet eine "besondere Herausforderung"
(Heise)
Das Internet ist für Jugendliche eine Welt der Freiheit, aber auch der Gefahren und Risiken: Fast jeder Zweite ist 2004 einmal mit pornografischen Seiten in Berührung gekommen, 2000 waren es noch annähernd jeder Dritte. Das ist das Ergebnis einer repräsentativen Studie des Medienpädagogischen Forschungsverbund Südwest (mpfs). Die Studie wurde bei einer Fachtagung "Jugendmedienschutz im Internet" in Stuttgart vorgelegt.
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Index page see also Internet content | Rating and filtering
QuickLinks
Links to news items about legal and regulatory aspects of Internet and the information society, particularly those relating to information content, and market and technology. QuickLinks consists of
- a free newsletter appearing approximately every two to three weeks. The newsletter is distributed by electronic mail through an "announcement only" mailing list.
- a Web site with frequent updates, an events page, news items organised by category as well as chronologically by issue and full text search.
QuickLinks is edited by Richard Swetenham richard.swetenham@ec.europa.eu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence.